1. Introduction.
-Nineteenth century Britain -> Industrial Revolution occurs.
-Britain is diffused into Western Europe.
-From the industrial revolution:
-There is a new economic system -> Capitalism.
- There is a new economic doctrine-> economic liberalism.
- There is a new company -> class society -> two classes.
-Owners of means of production are capitalists.
- Those who sell their labor for a wage, are proletarians.
-There is a new form of production -> machines.
- There is new energy sources -> Vapor.
2. Causes of the Industrial Revolution.
2.1. Demographic causes.
-From 1850 -> demographic revolution occurred.
- Vegetative growth = Birth and less mortality.
- Before 1850 vegetative growth down high birth and high mortality.
- From 1850 vegetative growth because high fertility remains very high and the birth rate begins to decrease.
- Causes of the decline of mortality:
-Improvements in medicine.
- Improvements in hygiene.
- Increase food production.
-In addition to lowering mortality increases life expectancy.
2.2. Agricultural revolution.
- Introduction of new farming techniques:
-Step norkfolk triennial rotation system.
- We'll have more food production.
- The population will be better fed.
-New crops -> corn, potatoes, turnip ...
2.3. Other causes.
-In Britain there is no absolutism, no parliamentary monarchy.
- Parliament makes laws for businesses.
- Britain is the first maritime and commercial power.
- Great Britain's commercial freedom.
- Britain's economic freedom.
2.4 . Technological innovations : Machines .
-The machines are progressively replacing manual labor.
- Energy sources for machines :
-First -> human strength.
- Second -> hydropower.
- Third -> Revolution - > steam.
-Greatly increases productivity.
- Increased production .
- Decreased costs.
- Increased production and lower costs :
-Lower the final price -> upload = upload demand benefits.
- Appearance of the factory system -> are machines and workers together in a building called factory where the division of labor occurs, each worker does a specific job.
- First machining industry is cotton :
-Two cotton work :
- Spinning -> machined later -> Mule called Jenny .
- Knit -> is machined first -> The machine is called thrower wheel.
- The other pioneers to be the coal and iron industries.
- Coal -> is the energy source
- Iron -> is the raw material for the machines.
2.5. The transport revolution .
-Railroad -> going to be revolutionary by:
:
- The amounts so large it can carry.
- Faster .
- Insurance .
- The first railway line was Liverpool- Manchester.
- From here the railway network is built in Europe.
- Major development in the steel industry.
- The railroad carries more things and further and faster -> supposed decrease in costs and thus decreases the price.
-Steamboat :
-You will provide a stimulus for the steel industry .
- You can carry more :
- Quantity .
- Speed .
- Security.
-These inventions will favor long trade.
- Van to enter the market economy -> production is for sale.
- Trade can be:
- Interior.
- Exterior .
- Foreign trade - > there are two economic theories :
- Theory Free Camper -> think that free trade is necessary and also encourages the growth of the economy.
- Theory protectionist -> think you need to defend national industry with import tariffs .
- Internal trade also greatly increased thanks to the improved transportation .
3. Capitalism and liberalism.
-Industrial Revolution :
- New economic model -> Capitalism .
- New economic doctrine -> Liberalism
- Capitalism:
- It is based on private ownership of the means of production .
- Class society .
- Two basic groups of people:
- Production media owners who are entrepreneurs have capital.
- Those without capital they have is their labor and sell it in exchange for a salary , are proletarians .
-Liberalism -> principle of liberalism was formulated by Adam Smith, a book called -> The Wealth of Nations .
- Adam Smith says:
- The state should not intervene in the economy .
- The economy is governed by the law of supply and demand.
- The engine of the economy is the benefit and individual interest of the people .
- In the capitalist system are going to be very important :
- Banks -> raise capital and will act as intermediaries between those who have money and those who need credit.
- Companies increasingly need more capital -> appear SA ( Corporations ) -> The capital is divided into shares and each shareholder owns a share of the profits.
- Actions -> bought or sold on the stock market that bag .
- Expansion of the industrial revolution :
- The first - > Britain.
- Shortly after - > France , Belgium, Germany and Russia.
- Third place -> Japan and USA
- Rest of the European countries .
4.The second industrial revolution.
-Occurs in the late nineteenth century.
- The leading powers -> Germany , USA and Japan
- Characteristics of the second industrial revolution :
- New energy sources :
- Electricity - > clean, cheap and easy to carry .
- Oil - > cheap.
- New inventions such as:
- Combustion engine .
- The tire .
- Bulb.
- Tramway .
- Cinematograph .
- Radio .
- New industries :
- Chemicals - > Pharmaceutical products , fertilizers, pesticides ...
- Food -> packaged products.
- Metal -> stainless steel and aluminum .
- Automobile - > Henry Ford -> Ford creates the T - > first utility .
- New industrial organization :
- Mass production :
- Upload productivity.
- Lower manufacturing time .
- Increases production .
- Decreases the cost -
- Results of this -> low price and benefits the employer up .
- Chain Manufacturing -> each worker takes a part of the process , eliminate unnecessary movements , displacements and the need to think , is called Taylorism -> dramatic increase in productivity.
- Industrial Concentration -> 4 major types:
- Cartel -> is an agreement between companies in the same industry to not have competition.
- Trutat -> is the union of several companies in the same industry to not have competition.
- Holding - > is a company that controls different companies different economic activity.
- Monopoly -> a company that controls an exclusive product and imposes price .
5.Industrial society , class society .
-Before the revolution -> stratified society .
- From the Revolution - > class society -> Bourgeoisie and Proletariat .
- Bourgeois -> owners of the means of production.
- Proletariat -> sells the workforce in exchange for a wage.
- Bourgeoisie :
- Can be :
- Large - > bankers.
- Media - > professions.
- Small - > employees.
- The bourgeoisie will be the most important social group , the proletariat will imitate life forms , the bourgeoisie lives comfortably .
- Proletariat :
- Are most of the population.
- They work in factories.
- Living -> work between 14-16 hours a day, 7 days a week.
- Do not have health insurance.
- No unemployment , no subsidy, no casualties.
- They have no severance pay.
- Dismissal free .
- Salary poor .
- There is no minimum age to start working normally at age 7 .
- Women and children are paid less .
- There is no regular law governing their working conditions .
- Factories are dark, damp places, unventilated -> posts are insoluble therefore will be the focus of disease.
- Life expectancy approximately 30 years.
- They live crowded without basic services.
6. Labor movements .
-The labor movement began in the nineteenth century.
- First labor unions were mutual aid - > to give financial assistance in case of death , sickness or unemployment
- At the same time appears a movement called -> Luddism -> is that workers blame the machines for the situation and destroy -> when the employee realizes that the fault of the employer 's motion disappears .
- From the 1830s the first unions appears -> workers already have class consciousness -> realize they have the same problems , have common goals and should fight together.
- Objectives of unions are:
- Improve living conditions -> less hours and more pay.
- Improving working conditions -> no child labor and health and safety .
-Marxism -> a half of the nineteenth century appears this social movement.
- Ideologue :
- Marx.
- Engels.
- Works:
- EL capital.
- Communist Manifesto .
- Ideological principles:
- Marx studied history and concludes that throughout history there have been three companies, slave , feudal , capitalist , always going to be the oppressed and the oppressors will always be enfrontados and that is the class struggle that Marx says that this struggle is the motor of history .
- Now there's capitalist system -> where overproduction crisis periodically occur -> capital is increasingly concentrated in fewer hands , so that the rich are getting richer and fewer and fewer and the poor are poorer and more quantity .
- Future - > Marx says that crises of overproduction are growing , so there will be fewer but will be very rich richer and the poor poorer and have more time.
- Solution for Marx -> is the revolution of the proletariat -> the proletariat to seize power and property socialize and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat is the abolition of private ownership of the means of production which passed into the hands of the state and the state is very strong and controls everything , and the next step is to Marx 's communist society , at this stage there is an egalitarian society without social classes and the state disappears.
- In the late nineteenth century born socialist labor parties across Europe.
- Ideological principles:
- Proletarian revolution.
- Intervene in elections and participating in political life - > to be in parliament and make laws as:
- Improving working conditions .
- Lower the workday.
- Abolish child labor .
- Increase of salary.
- Anarchism
- Ideologue :
- Bakunin.
- Proudhon.
- Principles :
- The most important is individual freedom , but within the collective solidarity.
- They are against hierarchical institutions ( church , state and exercised ) .
- They are against private property , they defend the commons.
- It is against class society , they want an egalitarian society.
- Ideal for them Company is a stateless society , or classes or private property where there are communities that manage themselves .
- Internationalism :
- In 1864 in London the IWA (International Workers Association ) is created.
- Associations workers worldwide -> unionists , Marxists and anarchists.
- Objective -> join efforts , take action together to improve the living conditions of workers.
- They ask :
- First day of 10 hours, then 8 hours.
- A day of rest a week.
- Proibición child labor.
- Improving working conditions .
- The first international ( I) eventually disappeared by divergence of anarchists and Marxists and shortly after the Second International (II ) where only socialists created.
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