Liberalism and Nationalism

1. The French Revolution.

   1.1. Causes.

   -Economics -> general crisis.

      - Subsistence Crisis -> crop -> increases the price of commodities -> people starve.
      -Financial Crisis:

         -What's wrong court management.
         -For the cost of the war against Britain.
         -For the cost of support to the U.S.A war of independence.

      -Ministers of Louis XVI want the privileged pay taxes.

   -Social-> malaise.

      -The privileged-> not want to pay taxes.
      -Bourgeois-> have economic power, have no political power.
      -The village-> impoverished and hungry.

   -Ideological-> dissemination of the political principles of the Enlightenment.
   -All these causes lead to the outbreak of the French Revolution.

  1.2 . Stages.

   -1st stage : the Estates General and the National Assembly.

      -Louis XVI convened the Estates-General to pay tax privileged.

         -3 ( bourgeois ) requires personal vote .
         -King and the privileged do not accept.
         -3 leaves and becomes national assembly.
         -They call the people and this is the July 14, 1789 making the hem -> the people weapon.
         -King acknowledges the National Assembly and the privileged orders combined.
         -National Assembly prepares tasks:

            -France is a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy.
            -Abolish feudalism and manorial rights.
            -Approves the Bill of Rights of Man and Citizen .

      -Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen :

         -Equality before the law.
         -Right to liberty and property .
         -National Sovereignty.
         -Everyone can access public office.
         -Freedom of expression.
         -Religious freedom .
         -Everyone has to pay taxes.
         -Constitution must ensure two things :

            -Separation of powers.
            -Rights of Persons Property ( liberty and equality )
           
      -They make 1791 the first French constitution .
      -Separation of powers:

         -Legislative -> National Assembly.
         -Executive -> king.
         -Judicial -> courts.

      -Censatario Suffrage .
      -Separation of church / state.
      -Acknowledges all individual freedoms.
      -Strong tensions :

         -Monarchy and nobility conspire revolution.
         -People ask for more reforms.
       
      -King is caught fleeing to Austria - > stopped - > France declares war on Austria.
      -People keep asking more -> popular revolt -> assault the royal palace.

   -2nd stage: democratic republic.

      -Assault the royal palace -> Abolition of the Monarchy -> Republic proclamation .

         -Government formed by Girondins ( moderate Republicans ) -> sent by Danton.

            -Trial of Louis XVI and Antoinette M ° -> just guillotined -> European monarchies declare war on France.
            -Interior of France > counterrevolutionary riots .
            -There is instability -> fall of the Girondins -> arrested and guillotined -> Power goes to Jacovins .
     
         -Jacovins ( Radical Republicans ) -> ordered by Robespierre

            -Anyone suspected of being counter was arrested and guillotined.
            -Coup bourgeois and falling Jacovins.

   -3rd stage: bourgeois republic .

      -Mastery of the conservative bourgeoisie .
      -Attempt to return in early 1791.
      -A new constitution > 1791 :

         -Suffrage lessee.
         -Division of powers:

            -Executive -> managers (5 persons ) .
            -Legislative -> two cameras :

               -Council of 500.
               -Council of elders.

            -Judicial -> courts.
         -Opposition :

            -Aristocracy.
            - Small bourgeoisie.

         -Causes social crisis.
         -Economic Crisis by a steady rise in commodity prices .
         -War of European absolute powers.
         -All this causes increased prestige of the army -> produce the coup of Napoleon Bonaparte.



2.Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte. 

   -1799 - > Getting the consulate.
   -Napoleon gradually assumed all the power and in 1804 was crowned emperor.
   -Authoritarian government .
   -Main measures:

      -Domestic Policy -> all centralizing measures were :

         -Create a national education system .
         -Unify the legislation.
         - Reform the entire administration .

      -Foreign policy :

         -Wants a European continental empire dominated by France and governed by it -> policy expansively.
         -Get dominate most of Europe except Great Britain and Russia.
         -In the territories it dominates :

            -Put a relative or trusted by the king .
            -Imposes revolutionary ideas.
            -Remove feudalism.
            -Imposes freedom and equality.

         -Act as French invaders and the people rejected.
         -1808 -> Spanish uprising against the French.
         -1812 -> Russia Catástofe cold.
         -1815 - > Defeat and death of Napoleon at St. Helena.
     

3.A Europe begins restoration.

   -Attempted everything is like in 1789.
   -European Powers who beat Napoleon meet at the Congress of Vienna (1815).
   -Congress of Vienna:

      -Reforming the European map.
      -Austria, Russia, Prussia, France (absolutist powers) create -> Holy Alliance -> Pact military aid to prevent any liberal revolution in Europe.

   -Opposition to the restoration will be:

      -Liberalism:

         -People are not all subjects are citizens and have equal rights and duties.
         -The sovereignty belongs to the people.
         -Everyone has the right to property and freedom.

      -Nationalism:

         - Political ideology.
         -A town that shares the language, history, traditions ...
         -They want to match nation and state.


4.Liberal revolutions .

  4.1 . Revolutions of 1820-1823 .

   -Revolutionary Wave much of Europe.
   -In some countries establishing liberal regimes .
   -At the end becomes absolutism.

  4.2 . Second revolutionary wave of 1830.

   -Movements in Western and Central Europe.
   -Where winning end of absolutism and impose a conservative liberal government.
   -Conservative Liberal Government :

      -Domain of the big bourgeoisie
      - Go to marginalize the petty bourgeoisie and the working classes.
      -Will want censatario suffrage.
      -Individual liberties will be restricted

  4.3 . The Spring of Nations 1848.

   -1848 rpm -> first appears :

      -Democratic Ideals ask :

         -Universal suffrage .
         - Social Equality.

      -Work Improvement .

   -Most revolutions fail and a second restoration of absolutism very smoothing occurs .



5. Unification of Italy and Germany.

  5.1 . Italy .

   -XIX century in Italy there are 6 independent states :

      -Kingdom of the Two Sicilies -> two Bourbons in charge.
      - Papal State -> occupied by the papacy.
      - Lombardy and Veneto -> dominated by the Austrian Empire.
      - Tuscany -> is a Duchy .
      - Piedmont - > no liberal and parliamentary monarchy.

    -Italian Village has the desire for unity .
    - Bought language and culture -> favorable to unification.
    - Unification process will be led by Piedmont:

      -Victor Manuel Rey Savoy
      -Prime Minister Cavour

   -1859 - > Piedmont declared war on Austria in Lombardy.
   - Make Piedmont and annexed Minorca .
   - 1860-1861 :

      -A central -> ducats peblicits -> and annexed Minorca .
      - While Garibaldi ( revolutionary leader) and his volunteers called Red Shirts landed in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies -> demolish the Bourbons and dejanel territory in Piedmont.

   -861 -> the first Italian parliament meets -> proclaimed king Victor Manuel Savoy.
   - 1866 -> The Austrians abandoned this Veneto and was annexed to Italy.
   - 1870 -> papacy does not recognize the annexation and starts a conflict that lasted until the early twentieth century - > Italy annexed the Papal States .
   - Thus was born a liberal monarchy -> with the name of Italy.


5.2. Germany.

   -36 independent states.
   - Indicative unit because they share language and culture.
   - Process led by Prussia -> liberal monarchy led by Wilhelm II and Chancellor Bismarck Van.
   - Like A unification in Italy was at war basse.
   - 1834 -> A customs union is created -> Zollverein
   - Thus was born Germany.