-End of XIX century and early XX - > Europe controls the world -> is what is known as imperialism.
- Imperialism is expansion of a state beyond its borders to dominate other territories that are called colonies and who are exploited by the power that is called a busy metropolis.
- Colonies :
- They're in the brain of the metropolis.
- Politically dependent of the metropolis.
- Metropolis leverages the resources of the colony.
2.Causes .
-Economic Causes -> needs of the metropolis :
- Raw materials .
- Sources of energy.
- New markets .
- Investing capital.
- Demographic causes:
- Overpopulation in Europe -> people have to emigrate -> XIX century in Europe increased the population is known as "big whites " occurs > America but especially in Africa and Asia.
- Political causes :
- Competition between the European powers to take more territory than the other .
- Ideological causes:
- Conviction of racial superiority / white culture and believe they have a duty to civilize the indigenous peoples.
3.Type colonies.
-Three main types:
- Colonies of exploitation -> the metropolis to the colony economically exploited, have no self-government, the territory belongs to the metropolis, the white population is minority and the indigenous population dominates explode mines and plantations of coffee, cacao, sugar.
- Colonies of settlement -> there is an indigenous minority and a majority white population is established, stably set and these territories have some authority in the metropolis.
- Protectorates -> are territories that in theory are independent, have their own government, but actually governs and who the decision maker is the metropolis.
4.The division of the world.
-The major powers will be:
- United Kingdom
- France
- Germany
- Colonized territories:
- Africa
- Asia
- Oceania
4.1 . Africa .
-Territories will suffer most are kind of occupation .
- The settlers will be mostly - > France and Britain.
- Great Britain - > wants to dominate the eastern facade .
- France -> wants to extend its dominance from the north to the south, to no avail.
- French and English will have major clashes .
- Belgium - > occupies the area of the Congo , as well as Germany and Portugal all these powers will clash over control .
- Conflict between the powers -> was continued until the Chancellor Bismark calls the Berlin Conference (1885 ) to establish the conditions to occupy a territory, but despite this agreement conflicts continue to occur .
4.2 . Asia .
-In the nineteenth century -> master :
- United Kingdom
- France
- Netherlands
- Japan
- Conflict between the powers will be constant .
- Great Britain -> dominate central and southern Asia.
- France -> dominates Southeast Asia.
- USA - > dominates Philippines.
- Netherlands -> Java and Sumatra dominates .
4.3 . The new powers USA and Japan.
- USA:
- From the nineteenth century is has imposed the Monroe Doctrine.
- Monroe Doctrine -> is that USA can and must intervene anywhere in the world to defend their interests.
- It will become a colonial power but did not conquer the territories it is called neocolonialism .
- The neo -> is the U.S. interference in the internal affairs of other countries and the submission of the governments of these countries to U.S. interests .
- Japan -> going to conquer Korea and Manchuria.
5.Consequences of imperialism.
-Demographic:
- Europe leads to the colonies -> medicines, vaccines , hospitals -> therefore epidemics will drop , also decrease mortality and population colonized territories .
- Economic:
- The interests of the colonizers are imposed .
- Generates a monoculture -> large plantations of a single product .
- There is a minority living well are the colonizers and indigenous majority is cheap labor for the plantations.
- Colonies sell agricultural products that are cheap in the metropolis , buy industrial products that are expensive and this is called unequal trade .
- Social :
- Gone is the traditional tribal society and impose the western model .
- Segregation -> is the physical separation between whites and Indians .
- Cultural :
- The loss of cultural identity of the colonizers.
- The imposing Western culture.
- A religious level also imposed Christianity .
6.The First World War (1914-1919 - The Great War ) .
6.1.Causes .
-Rivalry between the imperialist powers for colonial territories .
- There will be a lot of tension between the relations of France and Germany by:
- Alsace- Lorraine.
- Leaders of European politics .
- Conflict Balkans, taking advantage of the weakness of the Ottoman Empire, Greece , Serbia , Romania , Serbia, became independent of the Ottoman Empire. Austria wants to dominate the region, but do not get absorbed Bosnia. Russia is against the expansion of Austria and Servia supports . Serbia participates in three successive conflicts between neighboring regions and win territory but is not happy about having no outlet to the sea.
- Continuing tensions leading to the powers to an arms race .
- Countries will make :
- Weapons .
- Warships .
- Submarines .
- Create a system of alliances :
- Germany, Austria and Italy created the Triple Alliance.
- Britain, France and Russia created the Triple Entesa .
6.2. The outbreak.
-June 1914 Sarajero (capital of Bosnia) a murder student Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire). The student is related to Serbian nationalist movements.
- The Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia, then Russia is an ally of Serbia Servia moves to protect. Germany's ally Austria who intervenes to help Austria. France is also involved Russia's ally. Almost all of Europe is at war.
- Bando:
- Central Powers:
- Germany
- Austro-Hungarian Empire
- Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
- Allies:
- United Kingdom
- France
- Russia
- Servia
- Later intervene USA, Japan and Italy.
6.3. Stages of the war .
-1st stage -> 1914 - > Blitzkrieg ( quick war).
- Germany launches simultaneous attacks on the western and eastern front objective is a rapid conquest of France to concentrate attacks on Russia.
- But the allies stop the attack therefore is called -> Battle of Marne ( Eastern Front )
- The front is immobilized .
- 2nd stage -> from 1914 to 1917 - > trench warfare.
- The front is immobilized, exercised no forward or reverse .
- It's trench warfare -> long and hard.
- The two sides had begun the war elated , full of patriotism and convinced that they were right and they would win quickly . Throughout the years the patriotism and euphoria gives way to disappointment and sadness.
- We also have to add that the war also involved in all the colonies of all the belligerent countries what war spans all continents.
- 3rd stage - > from 1917-1919 -> the end of the war .
- From 1917 throughout Europe there are strikes and demonstrations demanding an end to the war.
- Army cam -> means that all men between 20 and 40 years are going to war -> Young male population -> die so soon affects the entire population.
- In the rear the population goes hungry and misery.
- Conclusion -> people want the end of the war .
- Van to enter two events that will hasten the end :
- The inclusion of the United States to war -> the Allied side and two million soldiers bring more weapons .
- Russia leaves the war, and Germany signed armistice based -> Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Poland and Ukraine.
- 1918 the Allies launched offensives and defeat the Germans, Austrians, Turks, while in Germany and Austria there are revolutions , the Kiser German and Austro -Hungarian Emperor abdicate and the two governments call for peace .
- In 1919 peace was signed , the winners meet in Versailles -> the base of the hub of all winners is that Germany is responsible and must pay . Sign the Treaty of Versailles - > says that Germany is the culprit, must yield Alsaisa - Lorraine to France , has to give the winners their colonies , must yield coal mines , have to pay indemnisaciones of the war, he seized external goods and will limit the army a hundred thousand men .
7.Consequences.
-Demographic -> decreases the population at that time is also affected reproductive potential.
- Territorial -> a level territorial empires disappear and new states appear.
- Policies -> disappear the great dynasties and advances democracy.
- Social -> emergence of a new type of independent woman, slowly begin to appear motion to vote and declaring equal rights.
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