Renaissance and Reformation

1. Introduction.

   - By expanding the fifteenth and sixteenth century arose -> humanism.
   - The artists abandoned the Gothic style and began to search for new models based on -> Classicism .
   - Is issued a more personal religion.
   - Reform -> religious movement that divided the old Europe :

      - Protestant
      - Catholic

2. Humanism.

   - Medieval Mentality - > center of the world was God.
   - New Mentality -> center of the world man -> left humanism.
   - Characteristics of humanism :

      - Rejects the medieval mentality.
      - Breathe in the Greco-Roman culture .
      - Is interesting for science and technical progress .
      - Use of local languages.

   - The academies focused studies in language, literature and philosophy.
   - The printing press facilitated the spread of humanist ideas.


3. Religious reform.

  3.1 . Causes .

   - Discomfort in the direction they had taken the church.
   - Luxury surrounding the church hierarchy.
   - Low culture.
   - Buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices .
   - Sale of bulls and indilgencias .

  3.2 . Lutheran Reformation .

   - Fundamenta three basic principles:

      - Salvation by faith.
      - Universal priesthood.
      - Authority of the Bible .

   - It was diffused by Germany, Sweden, Holland, Inlgaterra ...

  3.3 . Protestanisme European.

   - New reformist doctrines :

      - Calvinism -> John Calvin in Switzerland.

         - Character radical Lutheranism .

      - Anglicanism -> King Eric VIII in England.


4. The Catholic Counter.

   - Fight against the Protestants :

      - In 1542 the pope restored the Inquisition.
      -> Organization responsible for publishing banned books - the congregation of the index is created.
      - Suspects on trial and some end up in the fire.

   - Council of Trent :

      - Counter - > Target -> correct and defend the dogmas of the Catholic faith .
      - Confirms the main tenets -> faith was important :

         - Seven Sacraments.
         - Sacredness of the Mass
         - Cult of the saints
         - Vulgate -> only valid interpretation of the Bible.

      - Set of actions:

         - Prohibition of the sale of indulgences.
         - Seminars -
         - Reside in his diocese or parish.


5. Courtiers and patrons .

   - Process of secularism -> religion ceases to be the center of life.
   - New ideal man -> courtier -> warrior, cultured and refined
   - Is interested in :

      - The music .
      - Lyrics .
      - Art .

   - Abandonment of feudal customs.
   - Nobles and princes -> artistic renewal - > Renaissance -> become patrons.

      - They offered -> protection and funding for artists.

   - New concept art -> recovery of Greco-Roman art .

      - Intended to capture -> ideal beauty -> humans.
      - Study -> nature and human anatomy.
      - Architects -> simplicity of lines and harmony of proportions .
      - Painters -> take the perspective .
      - Sculptors -> recover the proportionality of the canons of classicism.


6. The quattrocento .

   - The Quattrocento -> 1 step splendor of the Renaissance in Italy.
   - Architecture :

      - Attempt to dominate space -> columns , cornices , domes ....
      - Stressed :

         - Filippo Brunelleschi
         - Leon Battista

   - Sculpture :

      - Interest is the representation of the human body.
      - Stressed :

         - Donatello
         - Lorenzo Ghiberti

   - Painting :

      - New innovations are the use of perspective .
      - Stressed :

         - Piero della Francesca
         - Sandro Botticelli


7. The cinquecento .

   - Maturation Renaissance -> Cinquecento -> Florence to Rome.
   - Architecture :

      - Pope Julius II -> starts to build the basilica of St. Peter's Basilica.

   - Sculpture :

      - Michelangelo Buenarroti -> known as Michelangelo -> most important sculptor of his time.

   - Painting :

      - Stressed :

         - Leonardo da Vinci
         - Raffaello Sanzio
         - Michelangelo

      - Siglo XVI -> highlights the Venetian school .


8. The diffusion of the Renaissance.

   - Flanders :

      - The Renaissance had little influence .
      - The first generation of painters -> influenced by the Gothic.

   - Germany :

      - Religious content in the paint by the Lutheran Reformation .
      - German Painting -> portraits and landscapes.
      - Renaissance Cosmetic introduced by -> Albrecht Dürer.

   - France:

      - France has spread very fast Renaissance .
      - Remarkable Architecture - > Castles .
      - School -> Fontainebleau.